Variables

Variables are memory locations used to store values. They can be visualized as storage bins as shown in Figure 2.1. Each memory location has a unique memory address. Each address can store one item at a time. Before a memory space can be used it needs to be reserved.

Variable declaration is reserving a memory location for storing values. It is done by writing a statement containing a data type, name of the variable and (optional) initial value. The name allows the programmer to refer to the memory location later in the program using a descriptive word, instead of the memory address.

Syntax:

1. dataType variableName [= initialValue];

When the above two examples are compiled, the data stored in memory is dipicted in Figure 2.2.

Data Types

The data type indicates what type of values a memory location will store (e.g., number, text or address of another variable).

Two fundamental data types groups are:

• Built-in (primitive type): Part of the compiler
• Class: Created by the programmer

Two types of memory locations can be declared: variables and named constants:

1. Variables are memory locations whose values can change during runtime (when the program is running). The initial value is optional but recommended. If a variable is not initialized, it contains the previous value of that memory location, which may be the wrong type (called a garbage value).
   • short and int types usually initialized to 0
   • float and double types usually initialized to 0.0
   • string types usually initialized to empty string (“”)
   • bool types initialized to either true or false
2. Named constants are memory locations whose values cannot change during program execution. It should be initialized with the value they will hold for the duration of the program. The const keyword indicates that the memory location is a named constant (value cannot be changed during runtime). The initialization is mandatory. A Literal is an actual value.
   
   Syntax:
   1. const dataType constantName = value;
   
   
   Example:

   • const double PI = 3.14;
     const double MIN_HEIGHT = 100.5;
     const bool PAID = true;
     const char NO = ‘N’;
     const string COMPANY_NAME = “XYZ Company Ltd”;

   Advantages of using constants:
   

   • Make the program more self-documenting (meaningful words in place of numbers)
   • Value cannot be inadvertently changed during runtime
   • Typing a name is less error-prone than a long number
   • Mistyping a constant’s name will trigger a compiler error; mistyping a number will not
   • If the constant needs to be changed when modifying the program, it only needs to be changed at one place

Selecting a Data Type for a Memory Location:

• bool - data type stores Boolean values (true and false)
• short and int types - store integers (numbers without a decimal place). Differences are the range of values and memory used (int is greater than short)
• float and double types - store real numbers (numbers with a decimal place). Differences are range of values, precision, and memory used (double has the greater of each)
• char type - stores characters (letter, symbol, or number that will not be used in a calculation). Only one character stored at a time
• string data type - is a user-defined data type (defined with a class, or group of instructions). Can store zero or more characters

Figure 2.3 shows the storage size and range for signed and unsigned data types:

Variable Names

The name chosen for the variable should be short (easy to remember) and descriptive (understandable). Short names help the programmers easy to remember and result in more concise code. Descriptive names make it easier to understand their purpose as well.

Rules for naming variables in python are:

• Name can only begin with a letter or an underscore (_)
• It can contain only letters, numbers, and the underscore character. No punctuation marks, spaces, or other special characters (such as $ or %) are allowed
• Cannot be a keyword (a word that has special meaning in Python)
• Names are case-sensitive. Example: discount is different from DISCOUNT and Discount

Good Programming Practice for naming variables:

• Use uppercase letters for named constants and lowercase for variables. Example: PI (constant), radius (variable)
• If constants contain more than one word, separate words with underscores. Example: TAX_RATE
• If variables contain more than one word, capitalize the first letter of each word after the first (called camel case). Example: adjustedGrossIncome

Table 2.1

Examples of valid C++ identifiers
total	interest	grossPay
slope	computePay	density
findMin	count	cha

Table 2.2

Examples of invalid C++ identifiers
2AB3	begins with a number
E-6	contains a special character
for	this is a keyword